Tennis

History of tennis

The history of modern tennis starts in the second half of the XIX century. That's when there was a game, while bearing the name "lawn tennis", which was the forerunner of a more ancient game in the premises. Wimbledon, the oldest surviving to the present, held since 1877, and the first competition of national teams, Davis Cup - dates back to 1900. Tennis is part of the modern Olympic Games since I Olympiad, held in 1896, but with more than half a century, which ended only in 1988. Initially tennis was officially an amateur sport, the first-professional players appeared in tennis in the 20 years of XX century, and since the late 1960s, began the so-called Open era, in which all the tournaments are open to both amateur and professionals and have been combined into a few large cycles ("rounds") managed by international organizatsiyI TF, ATP and WTA.

REAL-TENNIS

Direct predecessor of modern tennis is played indoors, to the end of the XIX century bearing the same name, and is now known as real tennis, tennis court ilizhe de pom (French jeu de paume, literally playing with his hand.) Jeu de pom, which could play as many as 12 people, appeared in the XI century, apparently, in the monasteries. Early on in the game, as in hand pelota, beat off the ball by hand, then appeared gloves, bats, and finally, in the XVI century, rackets and nets. At the same time, the peak popularity as de Poma, who played in French, English and Spanish kings of the time

One of the most famous tennis references in medieval literature is the episode in the historical chronicle Shakespeare's "Henry V», where the French Dauphin sends a mockery of the young English king keg tennis balls. At the same time sent a gift to Henry V tennis balls were first mentioned long before Shakespeare, in the continuation of the chronicle Geoffrey of Monmouth, "History of the Kings of Britain", dating from the first half is the XV century.

In the XVI century, virtually all the French kings played tennis tennis hall was equipped on the royal yacht Francis I, Henry II had built an indoor tennis court in the Louvre, and Charles IX in 1571, giving the Parisian tennis players and masters, manufacturing racket right nagildiyu , called tennis "one of the most noble, decent and healthy exercise, which can be engaged in princes, peers and others of the aristocracy." One of the favorite activities was tennis and for Henry VIII Tudor, who built the facilities for this game at Westminster and Hampton Court (the latter is used as directed, almost 500 years old). In addition to the monks and aristocrats and commoners attracted tennis: medieval university halls were built, and the townspeople were playing in the streets. By 1600 every major French city had several rooms, and in Paris, was more than 250 rooms and thousands of outdoor courts, and in 1604 was also made estimates that France could be twice the tennis halls than churches.

However, for most of its history, the game remained tennis elite. A small number of participants in the match and limited space for the audience did not allow him to become a truly national pastime, and within a hundred years, even in Paris, there were only ten rooms for tennis, all in poor condition. Tennis facilities are fit for other needs, including performances of theater companies and, according to the "Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia of the theater," it determined the future shape of the theater halls. One of the remaining rooms to a de Poma went down in history as a meeting place for members of the States General of the Third Estate, by order of the king is not made in the regular meeting room in 1789. MPs who have declared themselves the National Assembly, made a pledge to meet until the French constitution is adopted. However, with the development of modern tennis as de pom no longer exists. This sport was introduced to the Olympics in 1908, a hundred years later in the world, there were about five thousand of his fans, at some stage in the UK gave the game its name, the "real" or "king" of tennis, in order to distinguish it from the more common of the new game .

Invention Lawn Tennis

Invention Lawn Tennis At present it is not known who invented football, but the most common version, the founder of the game was Major Walter Wingfield. He invented a game to entertain guests at parties in his mansion in Wales, and in 1873 published the first rules of the game. The game received a combination of two names: "sferistika" (English sphairistike from Greek. Σφαιριστική, meaning the ball game) and "lawn tennis" (English lawn tennis, letters. Tennis for lawns). As a basis, he used contemporary tennis (in our real-time tennis). The game, designed by Wingfield, also shows the influence of gaining popularity in those days badminton. Thus, the initial height of the grid between the halves of the court was, in badminton, one and a half meters, and the bill came to 15 points in each game of the (history of changes in the rules described in Section evolution rules). As possible fathers of modern tennis are also referred to the British Thomas Henry Gem and Spaniard Auguro Perera, back in 1858 adapted the game rekets, a kind of tennis, for grass lawns on the outskirts of Birmingham, and in 1872 founded a club for fans of the new game in Leamington Spa. After the appearance of the game Wingfield Gem developed rules for their game, which he called pelota, Wilmington club gave this game the same name, which was of a game invented by Wingfield - "lawn tennis" ..

Volleyball

Volleyball (born on volleyball volley - «hit the ball in the summer" (also translated as "flying", "floating") and ball - «Ball") - a sport, team sports game in which two teams compete in a special area divided by a net, trying to send the ball to the opponent so that he landed on the floor of the opponent (finish to the floor), or a defensive player made a mistake. In addition, for the organization of the attacking player of one team is allowed a maximum of three consecutive touches of the ball (in addition to the touch on the block).
The central body of volleyball as an international sport that defines a set of rules FIVB (English) - The International Volleyball Federation. Volleyball is an Olympic sport since 1964.
Volleyball - proximity, the combination sport where every player has a strong specialization in the area. The most important qualities for the volleyball players are jumping to be able to climb high above the net, reaction, coordination, physical strength for the effective work of attacking strokes.
For fans of volleyball - a common method of entertainment and recreation thanks to the simplicity of the rules and the availability of equipment.
There are numerous options for volleyball, branched off from the core, beach volleyball (Olympic appearance in 1996), a mini-volleyball, pionerbol, park Volleyball (FIVB approved by Congress in November 1998 in Tokyo).

HISTORY

The origin of modern volleyball

Volleyball is considered the inventor of the William J. Morgan, a teacher of Physical Education College of the YMCA (YMCA) in Holyoke (Massachusetts, USA). February 9, 1895 in the gym he hung a tennis net at a height 197 cm, and his disciples, of which the site is not limited to, began to throw a basketball through her camera. Morgan called the new game "mintonet." Later, the game was shown at the conference colleges YMCA in Springfield and at the suggestion of Professor Alfred T. Halsted received a new name - "Volleyball." In 1897, the U.S. published the first rules of volleyball: platform dimensions 7,6 × 15,1 m (25 x 50 feet), height 198 cm mesh (6.5 feet), myachokruzhnostyu 63,5-68,5 cm (25 -27 inches) and weighing 340 g, the number of players on the court and touching the ball is not regulated, a point is scored only for his own submission, submission fails it can be repeated, played to 21 points in the game.

In the development of the game by its rules, techniques and tactics are constantly improving. The basic rules, some of which come down to our days, were formed in the years 1915-1925: in 1917 the rally of the party was limited to 15 points, and the height of the grid was 243 cm, and in 1918 it was determined the number of players on the court - and six from 1922 godarazresheno no more than three touches the ball, and in 1925 approved the present size area, the size and weight volleyball. These rules are applied in the Americas, Africa and Europe, while in Asia until the early 1960s, played by their own rules: with nine or twelve players in the area 11 × 22 m without changing the position of the player during the match.

In 1922 he conducted the first national competition - in Brooklyn YMCA championship was held with the participation of 23 men's teams. In the same year, was formed federation of basketball and volleyball Czechoslovakia - the world's first sports organization in volleyball. In the second half of the 1920s emerged the national federations of Bulgaria, the USSR, the USA and Japan. At the same time forms the main techniques - supply, transmission, attack hit and block. On this basis there is a tactic team action. In the 1930s, there were a group box and insurance, ranged attackers and fraudulent attacks. In 1936, at the Congress of the International Federation of Handball, held in Stockholm, the Polish delegation took the initiative to organize a technical committee on volleyball as part of a federation of handball. Formed a committee, which includes 13 countries in Europe, the Americas, 5 and 4 in Asia. Members of the Commission as the main U.S. regulations were adopted with minor changes: measurements were performed in metric proportions, you can touch the ball all over the waist, after touching the ball on the block the player was banned again touch a row height of the grid for women - 224 cm, the zone supply was severely restricted.

The postwar history

After the Second World War (1939-1945) began to expand international contacts. April 18-20, 1947 in Paris, the first Congress of the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB), with the participation of representatives of 14 countries: Belgium, Brazil, Egypt, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, United States, Uruguay, France, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia who became the first official members of FIVB. In 1949, in Prague, the first world championship for men's teams. In 1951, the FIVB Congress in Marseilles adopted formal international law, and within it were formed Arbitration Commission and the Commission on the development and improvement of the rules. Were allowed substitutions and time-outs in the parties, the matches of both male and female teams were held in the five games.

The first president was elected FIVB French architect Paul Or, has been regularly re-elected to that post until 1984. In 1957, the 53rd Session of the International Olympic Committee's volleyball was declared an Olympic sport, at the 58th session decided to hold the volleyball competition of men's and women's teams in the XVIII Olympic Games in Tokyo. After the Tokyo Olympics had made significant changes in the rules of the game - blocking Allow hands over the net to the opponent and re-touch the ball after blocking.

In international competitions 1960-1970-s greatest success achieved national teams of the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Japan. Women up to the Moscow Olympics in 1980 the most significant rivalry seemed Soviet and Japanese schools - teams of the USSR and Japan were playing with each other gold medals at the first four Olympic tournaments and won them two victories. Have also achieved some success against Poland, East Germany, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and North and South Korea. In 1978, the usual balance of power in the women's volleyball team had violated Cuban suddenly with a huge advantage over their competitors won held in the Soviet Union World Cup.

1980s. The new rules

In 1984, the field or replaced as FIVB President Dr. Ruben Acosta, a lawyer from Mexico. At the initiative of Ruben Acosta made many changes in the rules to increase competition and entertainment "telegenic" volley of reducing the length of matches. On the eve of the Olympic Games 1988 in Seoul held XXI Congress FIVB, where changes have been made in the regulations and the decisive fifth party: it was played by the "Rally Point", or "tie-break" ("drawing - Point"), in 1990 -s also sets a "ceiling" of 17 points for the first four games (that is, they could end with an advantage rivals in one point with a score of 17:16). The experiment was limited volleyball games on time, but in October 1998 the FIVB Congress in Tokyo was made even more revolutionary solution - to play by the "Rally Point" each party: the first four to 25 points, the fifth - to 15. In 1996, allowed touching the ball with any part of the body and leg action game, in 1997 FIVB proposed national teams to include in their formulations player libero.

During this period, continued to improve and not related to changes in technology and tactics game. In the early 1980s, there was a jump and almost ceased to apply supply side, increased the frequency of attacking strokes from the back line, changes in the methods of receiving the ball - especially unpopular reception bottom became dominant, and the reception from the top to the fall almost disappeared. Narrowed volleyball game features: for example, if earlier in the reception were all six players, with the 1980 execution of this element has been the responsibility of the two Outside hitter.

The game became more physical, and fast. Volleyball increased requirements for growth and athletic training athletes. If in the 1970s, the team could not be any single player taller than 2 meters, from the 1990s, everything changed. In teams of high class below 195-200 cm usually only binding and libero. Some of the strongest added new teams - Brazil, USA, Japan, Italy, the Netherlands, Yugoslavia.

Since 1990, the World League was played out - the annual cycle of competitions designed to increase the popularity of volleyball worldwide. Since 1993, held a similar competition for women - the Grand Prix. The second half of the 1980's in Italy, created the first truly professional league, whose organization is a model for the national championships in other countries.

In 1985, in Holyoke Volleyball Hall of Fame is open, which are recorded the names of the most outstanding players, coaches, teams, organizers and judges.

The current state

Since 2006, the FIVB unites 220 national federations of volleyball, volleyball is one of the most popular sports in the world. Most developed volleyball as a sport in countries such as Russia, Brazil, China, Italy, USA, Japan, Poland. The reigning world champion in men is the national team of Brazil (2010), Women - Team Russia (2010).

In 2008-2012 as President of the International Volleyball Federation worked Chinese Wei Jizhong, September 21, 2012 at XXXIII FIVB Congress in Anaheim (CA) is the new president of the organization selected Brazilian Ari Grasse.

FIVB leadership continues to work on improving the rules of volleyball. Some changes were made in 2009, and in the same year at the Club World Championship in Doha (the tournament was revived after a 17-year absence) was tested the so-called "golden formula", according to which the host team its first attack would be conducted strictly with back line. In practice, this innovation, which are intended to promote equal opportunities for competitors and allow the ball longer in the air, not only did not give the desired results, but also led to a decrease in entertainment games, for which he was criticized by many players, coaches, specialists and Volleyball fans and no longer used.

The development of volleyball in the USSR and Russia

In the USSR, volleyball cultivated since the early 1920s. The official date of birth in the Soviet Union is July 28, 1923, when the Butcher Street the match between the teams of the Higher Art and Technical Studios (VHUTEMAS) and the State College of Cinematography. At the root of volleyball in the Soviet Union really were intellectuals, but for a short period, this game has become popular entertainment for a wide range of people, and then evolved into a modern and popular sport. More to promote volleyball in the world, the development of technical and tactical arsenal of the sport played by the Soviet players and coaches.

In January 1925 the Moscow Council of Physical Education developed the first official rules of the competition in volleyball. In 1932, the All-Union Section volleyball, in 1948, entered into FIVB, and in 1959 transformed into the Volleyball Federation of the USSR.

Since 1933, held a drawing of the USSR championships, volleyball was present in the program of all-Union sports days. By 1935, include the first international match of Soviet volleyball with athletes from Afghanistan, and in 1947 the volleyball team from the Soviet Union participated in the first World Festival of Democratic Youth in Prague. Entered the international arena, the Soviet volleyball soon become the leaders of the world volleyball - 1949 marked the victory of the Soviet Union men's team at the World Cup izhenskoy European Championship. World Cup 1952, held at the stadium "Dynamo" was the first major international sporting event, organized by the Soviet Union.

In 1964, in Tokyo, the men's team of the USSR won the first Olympic volleyball tournament. She also won at the Olympics in Mexico City (1968) and Moscow (1980). Women's team four times (1968, 1972, 1980 and 1988) won the title of Olympic champion.

Soviet volleyball - 6-time world champion, 12-fold in Europe, four-time winner of the World Cup. Women's Team of the USSR five times won the world championships, 13 times - at the European Championships and once in the World Cup. In Volleyball Hall of Fame players taken Inna Ryskal Yuri Chesnokov, Konstantin Reva, Nina Smoleeva Yuri Poyarkov Ivan Bugaenko, Alexander Savin, Lyudmila Buldakova, George Mondzolevsky, coaches Vyacheslav Platonov, Givi Akhvlediani and Nikolai Karpol and Vladimir Sawin as one of the best volleyball functionaries.

National Volleyball Federation (IEF) was established in 1992. Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the IEF - Nikolai Patrushev, the President of the organization - Stanislav Shevchenko. Director General of the Federation - Alexander Yaremenko Mihaylovich.Muzhskaya team of Russia - Olympic champion in London (2012), 2-time World Cup winner (1999, 2011) and the World League (2002, 2011). Women's team won the 2006 World Cup and 2010 European Championships (1993, 1997, 1999, 2001), Grand Prix (1997, 1999, 2002) World Cup Champions (1997).

RULES

General rules

The game is played on a rectangular platform measuring 18h9 meters. Volleyball court is divided in the middle of the grid. Height of the net for men - 2.43 m for women - 2,24 m

Main article: Volleyball

The game is a spherical ball circumference 65-67 cm weighing 260-280 g
Main article: Volleyball ball
Each of the two teams can be composed of up to 14 players on the field at any given time may be 6 players. The goal - to finish off the attack hit the ball to the floor, that is up to half of the playing surface area of the enemy, or force him to make a mistake.
The game starts putting the ball into play with the feed according to lot. After the ball is in play and the successful submission of the drawing goes to feed the team that won the point. Area by the number of players is conventionally divided into 6 zones. After each jump right to file moves from one team to another as a result of the draw points, players are moved to the next area in a clockwise direction.

feed

Execute the service player who moves from the last transition from the second to the first zone. Feed produced from the feed area of ​​the back line of the playing field in order to ground the ball in the opponent's half, or to complicate the reception. Before a player touches the ball when the pitch, no part of his body should not touch the surface of the site (especially with respect to a jump). In flight, the ball may touch the net, but must not touch the antenna or mentally continue upward. If the ball hits the surface of the playing field, the command count point. If the player who served, broke the rules and sent the ball into touch, the point is scored by the host team. Is not allowed to block the ball feeding, cutting its trajectory over the net. If the point is won by the team that served the ball, it continues to supply the same player.

In today's volleyball most common power supply in the jump. Its opposite is shortened (scheduled, tactical) feeding the ball goes close to the net.

 

Acceptance of delivery

Usually take the ball players on the back line, that is in the 5th, 6th, 1st zones. But can take off any player. The players of the receiving team is allowed three hits to do (you can not touch the ball twice in a row) and the maximum of the third contact to move the ball on the opponent's half. Handle the ball at the reception can be anywhere in the area and free space, but not on the opponent's half of the pitch. In this case, if you have to pass has to transfer the ball back on their game half, the second of the three transfer can not take place between the antennas, and have to pass the antenna. When taken shall be no delay in the ball when it is processed, but you can take the ball with any part of the body. Plans to supply may take 2 players on the back line, but to receive the power supply required for 3 players.

 

Protection (reception) attacks

Admission attack hit different from receiving feed, as protection is mandatory always involves all six players are on the court, some players put front line unit (sometimes all three), and the rest are playing defense. The purpose of the defenders left the ball in play, and if possible bring it pasuyuschemu. Protection can only be effective in the case of concerted action by all players on the team, so the schemes have been developed to protect the game, of which only two have taken root: "angle back" and "forward angle". In both schemes, backs stand on the side lines, emerging from behind the block of 5-6 meters from the net, but defender in zone 6, under the name of the scheme, or is directly behind the block (catch per unit discount) or for endline (playing long rebound of a block).

 

Attack

Usually with a positive reception received the ball back-row player (1st touch) and brought to the binder player. Transmits (2nd touch) the ball to the player to perform an attack hit (third touch). When an attack hit the ball must go over the net, but in the space between the two antennas, and the ball may touch the net, but it should not affect the antenna or mentally continue upward. Front-row players can attack from anywhere in the area. Players back line before the attack must build a special three-meter line. It is forbidden to attack (that is to strike the ball above the top of the net) only libero.

Distinguish attack hit straight (on the go) and the side, hitting the transfer of the right (left) and fraudulent attacks (discounts).

Blocking

 

This game reception at which the defensive team preventing the ball when attacking the enemy on its side, blocking his move any part of his body over the net, usually hand carried over to the enemy within the rules. Allowed to carry arms to the enemy when you lock to the extent that they do not interfere with the opponent before the attack, or other game action.

The block can be a single or group (double, triple). Touching the block does not count as one of the three taps. Block may only players that are on the front lines, that is, in zones 2, 3, 4.

 

Libero

 

Two of the 14 players (from 2009, previously appointed only one libero of 12 players) commands can be assigned to libero. Players of this role can not participate in the attack, block and serve. Liberia should form different from the form of other players. Libero is allowed to replace any number of times, without the knowledge of the judge. Since the libero is not allowed to attack and block, it is usually on the back of the line, changing position with the players advantageous to keep the front line, for example, with central locking

Regament
Volleyball party is not limited in time until 25 points. In this case, if the advantage over the enemy did not reach 2 points, the party will continue for as long as it does not happen. The match continues until, as one of the teams to win three games. In the fifth game (tiebreak) count goes to 15 points. In each game the coach of each team may ask for two timeout to 30 seconds. Additionally, in the first 4 batches appointed technical time-outs on achieving one of the teams 8 and 16 points (60 seconds). After the end of the first four games, and when you reach one of the teams 8 points in the fifth game, the teams change sides of the court. For each batch, the coach has the right to make changes to 6 field players (except the Libero).

Rule violations

The following are the most typical mistakes game players and coaches.


When submitting

Player barred foot space on the site.
The player threw and caught the ball.
After 8 seconds after the whistle, the ball is passed to the opponents.
Touching the antenna ball.
Made a submission to the whistle.
The draw

Made more than three touches.
Touching the top of the net player for the active game action.
Spade a back row player three-meter line when attacking.
Error at the reception: double-tap or delay the ball.
Touching the antenna ball at impact.
Spade to play half of the enemy.
Regulations

Violation of placement.
Unsportsmanlike behavior of one of the players or coaches.
Touching the top of the net.
Changes in the rules (2009)
On the XXXI Congress FIVB in Dubai approved changes in the rules, in force since the 2009 season. Now application teams in official international meetings of 14 players, of which 2 libero. Also changed the interpretation of errors "touch the net" and "spade" on the right half of the enemy, to clarify the definition of blocking, made procedural changes relating to the functions of judges and the order of replacements

Playbook


Under the scheme of the game means the qualitative and quantitative composition of the various role players on the court. The most common schemes games 4-2, 5-1 and 6-2, where the number of 2-1-2 binding on the court, and the number of conditional 4-5-6 offensive players. 2.4 Under the scheme played two binders of diagonally to each other. Thus in all the constellations in the front line there is only one tie, and he also gives the transfer. Under the scheme of 5-1, the site is only one setter, which in all orders out in the third zone, and gives out second gear. 2.6 The scheme is similar to the scheme 4-2, except that passes is always the tie, which by arrangement at the moment on the back of the line. This scheme allows pasuyuschemu all constellations have three hitters on the front line. 2.4 The scheme is very simple and is used at the moment, only amateurs. 5.1 The scheme is difficult for that passing, but it is used everywhere. 2.6 The scheme is as complicated as 5-1, was used only until the player "Libero". It places special demands on pasuyuschim to be taken off as doigrovschika and attack better than Outside hitter (being on the front lines). For this scheme, ideal versatile player who came out of beach volleyball.


Glossary of terms and jargon



Rise - short quick pass attacker in the third area, which is the time it touches the ball bonding is already in the air with his hand, ready to strike.
Second rate - a variant of attack at which the binding connects diagonal attackers.
Dig (from the English en: dig) - Protective kick to the in the fall, lifting the ball up blow back of his hand.
Finish to the floor - the main goal of the game of volleyball.
Doigrovka - continuation of the attack when the receiving team could not arrange removal. Continuous doigrovka typical women's volleyball.
Dribbling - characteristic tapping the ball on the floor before you serve.
Drive under the skin - when an attack hit the attacker get the ball through the screen and hands blocking.
Sheathed - close attack rival bloc.
The conflict zone - a zone right in the middle between the host players. Submission to the conflict zone makes it difficult reception.
Boiler - area in the middle of the site for the 3-meter line. The most common direction of discounts in the attack.
Morita - attack hit, performed on the wrong swing when an attacker simulates running start to take off, pauses, and has been on the block lowers opponent. This beautiful and sophisticated combination, named after the Japanese volleyball Jungo Morita, Olympic champion in 1972, is now rarely used in professional volleyball.
To put on the ears - a game situation when reflected from the ball hits the block back to the attacker. Unpleasant for the players based attacks.
Organized unit - well-formed serried group box covering the most likely to create the maximum impact and problems attacker.
Allotted pass - it's best to attack attacker ball, driven directly on grid line, which increases the sector strike. If the pass to attack hit badly retracted away from the grid, it is difficult successful hit.
Revenge on the block - a gentle blow on the edge of the block to send the ball into touch or leave the game for a more successful doigrovki.
Pipe - a variant of attack when connecting the player connects to the attack of the 6th zone. In this case, the attacking player has, starting from 3-meter line.
First rate - option attack, which transmits a short ball Paz player from the third zone.
Rolling ball - the ball flies to the enemy just above the grid that makes it easy to score attack from the first blow. Usually occurs when reception is poor feeding.
Glider - gliding pitch, where the ball flies at a relatively slow rate at unsustainable trajectory, there may at the end of dive.
Positive reception - good reception filing, which enables connection to select any of his intended transfer and play it safe.
REMOVAL - to score as a result of his attack upon the opponent.
Scheme 4-2, 5-1, 6-2 - various tactical scheme game. Scheme 4-2 - four attackers and two binders in opposite zones, transfer gives one of them, who are on the front line. Scheme 5-1 - five forwards and one tie that goes to the transfer on the front and back of the line. Scheme 6-2 - four attackers and two communication, giving one of them who goes from the back line, while binding on the front line is in attack.
Eat - a) a powerful blow on the ball at the top of its trajectory, and b) winning the ball on the pitch of the enemy.
Navy (from the English en: float) - feed on top, in which the ball flies over the flat hard-to-track.
Ace (from the English en: Ace) - points won is directly feeding the ball brought to the floor or there is only one touch and the ball went into touch.

There are many other slang names for different combinations of technical elements and gaming scenes

OUTSTANDING volleyball player


In 2000, the International Volleyball Federation is conducting a survey to determine the best volleyball XX century. Among women in this title has been nominated Lang Ping (China), Inna Ryskal (USSR), Regla Torres (Cuba) and Fernanda Venturini (Brazil), men were 8 candidates - Peter Blanzhe (Netherlands), Tomas Vuytovich (Poland), Karch Kiraly (USA), Hugo Conte (Argentina), Josef Musil (Czechoslovakia), Katsutosi Nekoda (Japan), Konstantin Reva (USSR) and Renan Dal Zotto (Brazil).

According to the survey of the best volleyball player of the last century has been recognized Regla Torres, only a few votes ahead Ryskal Innu, which also gave the award. The best volleyball player Karch Kiraly was announced - the first three-time Olympic champion in volleyball, won two gold medals in the classic volleyball (1984, 1988) and one at the beach (1996). The best teams in XX century was a three-time world champion in the men's team in Italy 1990-1998, and the women's team in Japan 1960-1965 period.

The highest number of medals in the history of volleyball at the Olympics won the Russian volleyball player Sergey Tetyukhin - gold, silver and two bronze in the period from 2000 to 2012. Among women, this Cuban Ana Ibis Fernandez (three gold medals and one bronze in 1992-2004) and Soviet volleyball Inna Ryskal, which at four Olympic Games (1964-1976) won two gold and two silver medals.
INTERESTING FACTS


Speed ​​of the ball when filing with the best players can reach 130 km / h
Volleyball match attendance record was set July 19, 1983. For a friendly game of the Brazilian national team and the Soviet Union in the famous football stadium "Maracana" saw 96,500 spectators.
First submitted to the Brazilian volleyball players jump started in the early 80's, which allowed them to win the silver medal at the Olympics in 1984.
Changes in the system of scoring in volleyball did not conclusively determine the largest in the history of the victory of one team over another. If before 1998 the best result in the party (15:0), if not often, but met after the introduction of the "Rally Point" dry run to win the game has become almost impossible. November 10, 1999 in Sendai in a women's World Cup team of Italy won one of the parties in Tunisia, with a score of 25:3 (total score of the match - 25:11, 25:13, 25:3). In 2005 the Italians achievement surpassed China's women's team, which allowed rivals gain from Jordan only 2 points in the first game of the match for an exit at the World Cup-2006 - 25:2, 25:4, 25:3. Four years later, as votborochnom cycle Women's World Championships this result has been surpassed - in Nakhon Pathom Thailand's national team beat Bangladesh 25:1, 25:1, 25:3.
The record for the greatest length of the party under the new rules established in 2002 as part of the male championship in Italy "Cuneo" and "Sisley" - the second set of the match lasted 48 minutes and ended with the score 54:52 in favor of the team from Treviso. In 2007, the team AEK Athens and PAOK by the same score to the hosts finished the second game, and it lasted 57 minutes.
World record performance has diagonal Team Canada Gavin Schmitt (26 years, 208 cm), which is a match for the South Korean club "Samsung Blyufengs Fire" scored 58 points (sales of 52 of the 101 attacks, 4 blocks and 2 ASA)

Wrestling

Wrestling (born Freestyle wrestling, fr. Lutte libre) - a sport which consists of two athletes in combat according to certain rules, using different techniques (grappling, throws, coups, cuttings, etc.), in which each of the players trying to put the other on the shoulder and win. In the freestyle leg grippers allowed enemy takedowns and active use of the legs in the performance of any administration.

HISTORY

From historical sources we know that in the XVIII century in England was a fight in which the fighters resolved grabs the legs and feet techniques with actions.

In the international arena wrestling came later Greco-Roman (French) struggle. Wrestling is home to Lancashire. She then appeared in the United States. The fight was called (Catch-fight).

In the U.S. freestyle wrestling began to develop in two directions: the actual fighting and professional wrestling. Sport wrestling, cultivated mainly in colleges and universities in the U.S. (in Russia it was called "loosely-American amateur wrestling"). Rules of international wrestling is similar to this type of struggle.

In 1904, wrestling was first included in the Summer Olympic Games in St. Louis (USA). All 42 athletes were from the U.S.. This was due to the U.S. using the right hosts including borbuketch (student, amateur version). Olympic Committee agreed and called the fight freestyle (Free style). However, the Europeans were not familiar with this kind of fight, and therefore none of them dared to take part. Therefore Olympic wrestling tournament was in jeopardy and then Americans have dated a national championship for the Olympics and organized it as an Olympic competition.

At the next extraordinary Olympic Games in 1906 the Greeks preferred the Greco-Roman (classical) fight, removing from arbitrary programs, as it was for them a stranger.

Later wrestling constantly (except for games in 1912 in Stockholm) was a part of the Summer Olympics.

Only from 1904 to 1996, the Americans won at the Olympics 99 Olympic medals - more than any other country at the time. And in 1904 was installed "record" that will never be broken, since wrestlers were only in the U.S. - all the advantages of Olympic medals went to them only.

In 1912, before the start of the Summer Olympics in Stockholm for the first time established the International Union fighters FILA (German Internationaler Ring Verband). Officially, the first (not counting meeting in Sweden) Union Congress met in June 1913 in Berlin. It was attended by delegates from the following countries: the German Empire, the Grand Duchy of Finland, Denmark, Sweden, the Russian Empire, Hungary, Austria, Bohemia (Czech Republic), Great Britain.

In the period from 1904 to 1912, the number of athletes declared in the same weight class in one country is not limited. From 1920 to 1924 in the same weight class allowed to claim a maximum of two athletes from the same country.

In 1920, during the Summer Olympics in Antwerp, the International Olympic Committee recommended the establishment of an independent federation for each sport. And next year at the Olympic Congress in Lausanne was founded International Amateur Wrestling Federation (Russian International Amateur Wrestling Federation, IAWF).

In 1928, Paris hosted the first European Championships. And since 1928, in the weight class, the country can only represent one party. The Olympic tournament is played on the system of leaving.

In 1951 he created the International Federation of the combined styles of fighting (FILA, fr. FILA). The same year, she holds the world championships (FILA Wrestling World Championships).

By the 1980s, the world has been recognized women's wrestling, and finally, in 2004, it was included in the Summer Olympics, becoming the third female Olympic martial arts (judo and taekwondo after). The debut of a new women's sport at the Olympic Games held in Athens in 2004.

Currently the leading countries in wrestling are: Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Georgia, Japan.

SPECIFIC TRAINING

Freestyle wrestling is a tandem of flexibility and strength. Since it is a special place in the combat training is given to exploring the "bridge", the situation in which the athlete carpet concern only the hands, forehead, chin sometimes, and heels, and my back arched. For the development of flexible learning and training using a specific set of acrobatic exercises: somersaults, wheel flyak, rondat, stand and walking on his hands, lifting his back deflection. Without strong and flexible joints, blood vessels and lymphatic fighter has no chance of winning, so carefully worked through the fall and the self technique. Respiratory system and overall endurance developed by sprinting and mobile games, especially popular basketball by the rules of rugby. Technical steps to work out the dummy (doll, stuffed), and then to work with a partner. In training fights honed technique and developed a special stamina. Endurance plays a big role.

Develop force on the equipment (crossbar, bars) as well as working with weights (recommended - squats, deadlifts, bench presses bar lying / standing, exercise of powerlifting / bodybuilding / weightlifting), non-weight bearing (push-ups), the work on the wiring . Recommended to engage on the wiring near the wall bars, tuck work: hip.

USSR AND RUSSIA

First Russian wrestlers took part in the Olympic Games in 1952 in the USSR team. Team USSR freestyle wrestlers won at these Games the first place, while the Georgians and David Arsen Mekokishvili Tsimakuridze became Olympic champions. Only from 1952 to 2008 wrestlers USSR / Russia won in Olympic competition (gold - silver - bronze):

1952 - 2 + 1 + 0 (8 categories)

1956 - 1 + 1 + 4 (8 categories)

1960 - 0 + 2 + 3 (8 categories)

1964 - 2 + 1 + 2 (8 categories)

1968 - 2 + 1 + 0 (8 categories)

1972 - 5 + 2 + 1 (10 categories)

1976 - 5 + 3 + 0 (10 categories)

1980 - 7 + 1 + 1 (10 categories)

1984 - did not participate

1988 - 4 + 3 + 2 (10 categories)

1992 - 3 + 2 + 2 (10 categories)

1996 - 3 + 1 + 0 (10 categories)

2000 - 4 + 1 + 0 (8 categories)

2004 - 3 + 0 + 2 (7 categories)

2008 - 3 + 1 + 2 (7 categories)

Most titled wrestlers

Three-time Olympic champions:

Alexander Medved - three-time Olympic champion and seven-time world champion

Buvaisar site - the three-time Olympic champion and six-time world champion

Artur Taymazov - three-time Olympic champion and Olympic silver medalist

Kaori Ite - three-time Olympic champion and seven-time World Champion

Saori Yoshida - three-time Olympic champion, nine-time World Champion

Olympic champion and six-time world champion:

Sergei Beloglazov

Arsene Fadzaev

Olympic champion:

Ivan Yarygin - world champion and three-time European champion

Levan Tediashvili - four-time world champion, three-time European champion, world champion in sambo

Exiled Andiyev - four-time world champion, three-time European champion

Makharbek Khadartsev - five-time world champion, four-time European champion

Mavlet Batirov - World Champion, European Champion

Hitomi Obara (Sakamoto) - Olympic champion in 2012 in the category up to 48 kg (because of its category up to 51 kg is not represented Olympics, forced after the games in Beijing, go to a lighter category up to 48 kg), 8-fold World champion

Champions of the USSR:

Kuzmichev Youri - champion of the USSR, Master of Sports

Body-building

Body-building (Fr. culturisme - culture of the body), or bodybuilding (born bodybuilding - body construction) - the process of building and development of muscles through physical exercise with weights and high-energy food with a high content of nutrients, particularly protein, sufficient for hypertrophy skeletal muscle.
Person involved in lifting weights to increase the volume or quality of muscle nazyvayutkulturistom or bodybuilder.
Competitive bodybuilding - a sport in which judges evaluate muscle posing participants on the basis of volume, aesthetic proportions, symmetry and balance, and determine the bodybuilder with the most perfect, in their opinion, the body.

History of bodybuilding

Early years

To the early stage of the existence of bodybuilding is usually referred from 1880 to 1953

1950-1960-s

Bodybuilding became more popular in the 1950-1960's. The greatest propaganda had Charles Atlas, whose advertising in comic books and other publications on the basis of muscular superhero forced many young people begin to explore ways to develop the body. Just then the most famous competitions, such as "Mr. Universe" and "Mr. America." It is these events paved the way for other contemporary events. Then there were the many magazines popularizing bodybuilding - «Strength & Health» and «Muscular Development». Shooting some bodybuilders in movies also only added popularity of the sport. The most popular in the movies was Steve Reeves, who played the role of Hercules, Samson and other legendary heroes.

1970 - Present

Using anabolic steroids

Despite the fact that anabolic steroids appeared long ago, it was the 1970s, called "the revolt of anabolic steroids", not only in bodybuilding, but also in other sports. In bodybuilding it is due to a sharp jump in muscle volume, beginning with Arnold Schwarzenegger, Franco Columbu, Louis Ferino, Dorian Yates, Lee Haney and Paul DeMaio and the emergence of athletes such as Rich Gaspari and Andreas Munzer. While in the 1970s started an open discussion of the use of anabolic steroids, before 1990, they were legitimate means. In 1990, the U.S. Congress made anabolic the list of "controlled substances." In Canada as a result of the scandal with Ben Johnson at the Seoul Olympics steroids were made to the Criminal Code of Canada in a specially created for them 6 th grade.

 

World Federation of Bodybuilding

In 1990, wrestling promoter Vince McMahon announced the formation of a new organization World Bodybuilding Federation (WBF). Thus, he wanted to bring in more entertainment and bodybuilding to increase the prize fund of the tournament. However, in July 1992 WBF was formally dissolved. Among the reasons suggested lack of income from paid broadcasts competitions WBF, small selling magazine federation «Bodybuilding Lifestyle» (who later became the magazine WDF), as well as the high cost of producing two TV shows and a monthly magazine.

 

Bodybuilding as an Olympic sport

In early 2000, tried to give the IFBB Bodybuilding status of an Olympic sport, due to the fact that in 2000, it has obtained the full membership of the IOC. Thus, IFBB Bodybuilding sought approval as a full view of the Olympics. But this did not happen, as many do not recognize the bodybuilding sport.

 

Bodybuilding in the USSR AND RUSSIA

 

Traditionally demonstration stature and power in the Soviet Union has been associated with the circus. So, in 1948, in the Concert Hall of the Tchaikovsky in Moscow held a beauty contest physique, won by the famous circus acrobat Alexander Shire.

In the USSR, bodybuilding was not banned, however, and did not feel public support, so basically they were engaged in a so-called "rocking" (amateur gyms, usually in the basement contained enthusiasts). First kulturistsky room in the Soviet Union opened in 1962 in Leningrad, massively "rocking" were opened by the end of 1960 across the country. With the support of local leaders, the administration of sports halls and recreation centers hold amateur tournaments. In 1968 in Tyumen was the first open-Siberian competition of athleticism, and the second competition in 1969 became the first in the USSR with the participation of foreigners.

In February 1971, at Severodvinsk was an unofficial championship, took first place Severodvinsk athlete Alexander Lemekhov, second place - Vladimir Dubinin from Leningrad, the third - Vladimir Homulev of Severodvinsk.

26-28 February 1972 there was the second championship, consisting of the competition in the power disciplines and competitions in bodybuilding. Program security events, which consisted of bench press and squats over the following results:

Category up to 168cm:

1. Victor Yashin - Severodvinsk bench-162, 5-kg squat 190kg

2. Vladimir Lipyanen - Leningrad

3. Boris Zhitkov - Kaliningrad

Category up to 175cm:

1. Sergei Kizin - Leningrad bench-165kg squat, 220kg

2. Valentin Smotryaev - Severodvinsk bench-155kg squat, 185kg

Category over 175cm:

1. Vladimir Dubinin - Leningrad bench-192, 5-kg squat 195kg

2. Alexander Lemekhov - Severodvinsk bench, squat 175 kg, 250 kg

3. Alexander Chernykh - Moscow press-182, 5-kg squat 230kg

Before bodybuilding contest participants had to swim 50 meters freestyle in 45 seconds. Freestyle program and competition for muscle development are conducted in accordance with the rules of the competition IFBB federation. Results are as follows:

Category up to 168cm:

1. Vladimir Lipyanen (Leningrad)

2. Boris Zhitkov (Kaliningrad)

3. Dmitry Chanev (Severodvinsk)

Category up to 175cm:

1. Valdas Alabavichus (Vilnius)

2. Sergei Kizin (Leningrad), was stripped of his gold medal for failing standard of swimming.

3. Alexander Nikiforov (Astrakhan)

Category over 175cm:

1. Vladimir Dubinin (Leningrad)

2. Alexander Lemekhov (Severodvinsk)

3. Vladimir Homulev (Severodvinsk)

In the team competition the first place were hosts of the tournament - the team of Severodvinsk, receiving "Cup of the White Sea", the second - a team of Leningrad, the third - in Moscow. Chairman of the Federation of Bodybuilding Severodvinsk Vladimir Homulev magazine "Sport life of Russia" was awarded a diploma "For the promotion and development of bodybuilding in the USSR."

With the beginning of perestroika bodybuilding has become very popular, rapidly growing sport. August 11, 1987 Athletics Federation was founded USSR. In 1988, in Leningrad under the auspices of the USSR State passed the first USSR Cup floor exercise for men. The first official championship of the USSR was held on May 26-28, the athleticism of the same year, also in Leningrad with the following results: in the weight category up to 65 kg - Alexander Shumlyansky (Ukraine), 70 kg - Valery Bogdanovich (Belarus), up to 80 kg - Vincas Dubickas (Lithuania), up to 90 kg - Georgy Mosalev (Moscow) and over 90 kg - Richard Petrauskas (Lithuania). In the team competition the first place was won by the team of builders of the Ukrainian SSR, the second - and third Lithuanian - Leningrad athletes.

In 1988 at the World Bodybuilding in Australia for the first time brought together athletes from the Soviet Union Valery Bogdanovich (Minsk), Stanislav Polyakov (Riga) and Alexander Vasin (Leningrad), finishing fourth in the team standings. During these competitions the Soviet Union was adopted by the International Federation of Bodybuilding IFBB. In June 1988, the Soviet Union visited the IFBB President Ben Uayder, who said during his visit: "I believe that, in view of the special national traditions bodybuilding will become the dominant sport in the USSR. When this happens, the Soviet bodybuilding has become the main driving force of the sport around the world. "

In 1989 he came to the domestic bodybuilding international success: Belarusian Nikolai Shilo became European champion in the category up to 65 kg and 70 kg was our fifth Stanislav Polyakov, a Soviet team debuted the first place in the team posing. In the same year in Tyumen was the first international tournament "Grand Prix" Tyumen-89. '"

April 26-29, 1990, in Leningrad, was the European Championship on bodybuilding. Ayn Paavo became European champion in the category up to 90 kg. First place in the team was posing the Soviet national team.

Now only two Russian professional Sergey Shelest and Eugene Mishin, take part in international tournaments, the highest category. In 2008, Sergei Shelestov won the contest Mr. Olympia 17th place. His result is repeated Eugene Mishin in 2010.

VARIETY Bodybuilding

 

Professional Bodybuilding

In the modern bodybuilding industry, commonly referred to as a professional bodybuilder, winning the qualifying competitions as an amateur and has earned «Pro Card» from the IFBB. Holders of this card are entitled to speak at professional tournaments, such as "Arnold" and "Night of Champions". In turn, the high results shown in these competitions allow them to participate in the Mr. Olympia contest. Mr. Olympia title is the highest honor in professional bodybuilding.

Bodybuilding "no chemistry"

There are organizations that promote the so-called "natural" bodybuilding. These include NANBF (North American Natural Bodybuilding Federation) and NPD (Natural Physique Association). These associations promote bodybuilding without the use of anabolic steroids, and other pharmacological agents. Proponents of bodybuilding "no chemistry" believe that their method is more focused on healthy living and natural competition.

Female Bodybuilding

The first U.S. Women's National Championship Phisique, was held in Canton Ohio in 1978 by Henry McGee. It was the world's first women's competition, where participants judged solely on muscle. Since women are plenty of competitions, the most prestigious of which is considered "the Ms. Olympia." The first winner of the competition, held in 1980, was Rachel McLeish

Muscle growth

 

Training

 

Medicine recognizes that all people are equal in the anatomical and physiological sense. For bodybuilding physiology people do not change. Principles of effective methods of training are constant and accurate science for all. Pluralism for multiple methods of building muscle is not always justified and can be harmful to health.

Although people are the same in the physiological and anatomical sense, we know that in the muscles are "red" and "white" muscle fibers (muscle cells). The first is responsible for the possibility of continuous operation (stayers), the second - for short-term powerful work (sprinters). Because of the muscles include those and other fibers, the muscles of different people differ in the ratio of these fibers. At the same time and the total number of fibers in a muscle of different people is not the same muscles. Journal "Health» № 11,1984, the famous and constitutional types: endomorph (birth lot of fat and a lot of the muscles), ectomorph (birth little muscles), Mesomorph (optimal ratio).

So training methods can and should be different, because people want to be a star of bodybuilding, does not know what his certain muscle fibers. It is through trial, error and introspection he reveals himself options suitable for loads of muscle growth. And it does not matter, white or red fibers had dominated, as long as those prevailing loaded with fiber and grew. Although, of course, with white fibers increase weight easier and faster, because their effectiveness depends on their thickness (number of contractile proteins), while the red fibers - from other, more subtle factors (eg, the number of mitochondria in the cell).

Food

High rates of recovery and muscle growth by bodybuilders require a specialized diet compliance. Generally speaking, bodybuilders require more calories than the average person of the same weight to provide the protein and energy costs for training, rehabilitation and proper muscle growth. Reducing the level of food energy is obtained in conjunction with cardiovascular exercise allows bodybuilders to lose excess fat, which is important in preparation for various competitions. The ratio of food energy derived from carbohydrates, protein and fat can vary depending on the purpose of a bodybuilder.

 

Meals

On average, the average person receives three meals a day. Bodybuilders also try to eat 5-7 times a day (every 2-3 hours). This method has two goals: increase the metabolic rate and the prevention of excessive insulin secretion caused by too large a one-time meal. Many bodybuilders always carry a plastic container with food to minimize violations of the meal.

Proteins

trees is the main building material of the muscles, and therefore its acceptance bodybuilders should pay particular attention. Bodybuilders need more protein than the average person. According to various estimates, it is necessary to use 1.5-2 or more grams of protein per kilogram of body weight, with the protein should account for 25-30% of total energy supply. The main sources of protein for bodybuilders are chicken, turkey, beef, pork, fish, eggs and dairy products are high in protein, and some nuts and beans. In addition, many bodybuilders supplement their diet with a variety of protein supplements such as protein casein ilisyvorotochny

Carbohydrates

The total dietary energy count by adding together the energy components of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. However, energy protein incomparably poorer than the fats and carbohydrates. The difference is so great that our bodies almost "not paying attention" to the proteins as a source of biological energy. The main sources of energy for it are carbohydrates and fats. Moreover, depending on the type of physical activity, the body most prefers either fats or carbohydrates. As for bodybuilding, it is unbeatable source of energy are carbohydrates. It is they who determine the overall tone of the physiological bodybuilder and ultimately the success of his training.

Rest

Although the stimulation of muscle growth happens at the gym because of training with weights, growth itself is at rest. Without adequate rest and sleep, the muscles are not able to recover and grow. For the proper growth of muscles, bodybuilder needs about eight hours of sleep a night, although this is every man his own. In addition, many athletes find time for naps, which further stimulates further growth of muscle mass.

 

Overtraining

Load is too heavy or too short a period of rest between workouts lead to overtraining. If you start the next exercise, not enough rest, fatigue will accumulate and disappear training progress. It is important to find the right period of rest between workouts. On average, three workouts a week, 1-2 days a holiday for two - 2-3 days. Sometimes people need to 9 days of rest between workouts.

Bodybuilding in Popular Culture

Many bodybuilders during, and after the end of his career begin to engage in different activities. Among the most popular professions among bodybuilders can select actors, models, coaches, and strippers. Often the choice is made in favor of the professions for which you have a beautiful external data or a substantial physical training. To date, many bodybuilders have achieved success outside the competition podium. In recent years, due to the spread of ideas of a healthy lifestyle, popular kind of amateur bodybuilding - fitness. Bodybuilding is popular not only among young people, to date around the competitions among the different age groups, up to 80 years. One of the most famous bodybuilders pensioners - Japanese Tsutomu Tosaka.

 

Films about bodybuilding

 

"Pumping Iron" - a film in 1977 with Arnold Schwarzenegger in the lead role

"Bodybuilders 2: Women" - a film in 1985 about female bodybuilders