Box (from the English. Box-box, crate, ring) - contact sport, combat, in which athletes strike each other punches in special gloves. The referee controls the bout, which lasts from 3 to 12 rounds. The victory is assigned to the case, if the opponent is knocked down and unable to get up to ten seconds (a knockout), or if he was injured, is not allowing to continue the fight (TKO). If after a set number of rounds the fight was stopped, then the winner is determined by the evaluation of judges.
The earliest evidence of such events still imprinted on Sumerian, Egyptian iminoyskih relief. Tournaments fist fights, reminiscent of boxing, held in ancient Greece. Truly began boxing combat sports in 688 BC. e., when fights were first included in the program of the ancient Olympic Games. Modern boxing originated in England in the early XVIII century.
Some countries have their own varieties of boxing (savate in France lethvey in Myanmar, Muay Thai in Thailand), so they often use the term "English boxing."
The early period of the history of boxing
The first image was a fight in the Sumerian cave in the third millennium BC. e., and an ancient Egyptian relief of the second millennium BC. e. depicts not only fighters, but also the audience. On both fighters are fighting with bare hands. In 1927, American archaeologist Spencer found in Baghdad stone slabs with a pattern in which two people are ready for a fight. It is considered that the age of the find - 7000 years.
Fights have also been described in ancient Indian texts: in the Vedas, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata. Evidence of boxing have been found during excavations in the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa.
The first finds confirming boksirovanie gloves, dated 1500-900 years BC in Crete and in the mountains of Sardinia (2000-1000 BC)
Boxing In Ancient Greece, 688 BC. e. Boxing was first included in the program of 23-of the ancient Olympic Games. It is believed that the creator of the rules of fist fights, then known as the Pygmies (pygme), was Hercules. Legend has it that the Spartans before learn to wield a sword and shield, also held shkoluboksa.Dvadtsat third song "Iliad" by Homer recounts boxing match between Evrealom and Epeosom. According to the "Iliad", the box was included in the Mycenaean warrior competition in honor of the dead. Another legend has it that Theseus during his rule established a kind of boxing, in which two players sit opposite each other and punched, until one of them died. With the passage of time standing bouts were held, and participants wrapped hands below the elbow.
Lebanese and Etruscans called boxing pugilizmom. In the Mediterranean, there was no division into weight categories, while clinching was strictly forbidden. In duels no rounds, and often they are not limited in time, resulting in a knockout, an admission of defeat by one of the participants, and sometimes even death. While in training, a glove, during a contest participants hands wrapped with strips of hard leather, which protected his fists.
Competitions were held in Greece on a square platform, sand, and guard this "Ring" was the audience. Compliance with the rules followed the judge - gelladonik. If in the time none of the participants was not inferior to another - an exchange of blows administered without protection. To participate in the Olympics allowed only those who were born free. Training took place in special schools - Palestra, the athletes practiced technique on the bags (called korykos) and avoid injuries during fights belts wrapped hands, wrists, and sometimes chest.
Boxing In Ancient Rome
In ancient Rome, there were two types of boxing, and both of them came from Etruscan tradition. In all Rome was popular sports boxing, but also there was an option and gladiatorial combat. Participants in such fights were mostly criminals and slaves who hoped to win freedom, but sometimes struggled free men, aristocrats and even women. Gladiators fought knuckle (cesta) and impact protection fasten arm with leather belts. Boxer of Quirinal body, covered with scars and his ear, deformed from impact, shows how the competition was fierce at the time.
Popularity led to fisticuffs that even emperors started to take part in them. The first was Nero, a duel between Dareta Entellom and described in the epic work "Aeneid."
In 393, the Roman emperor Theodosius, at the insistence of the clergy forbade holding the Olympics, because they were considered a pagan celebration, and in the year 500 Theodoric the Great banned boxing as a sport, to offend God, because the character of God, the person subjected to impact. However, the decree does not greatly affect the sporting life of cities outside the Eastern Empire. By this time, Western Europe was no longer part of the Roman Empire, and here boxing remained popular throughout the Middle Ages and later. It should be noted that wrestling, fencing and chariot races were never banned, as they do not cause physical defects.
The modern version
Pugilism
After the fall of Rome was not found evidence to support the existence of klassicheskogoboksa, but the sport has survived and continued to develop in various cities and provinces of Italy (where in the XIII century, a law was passed authorizing the boxing matches). In ancient Russia also held frequently fights, and in the early XVII century England boxing gained popularity with his bare hands, but then there was the very name "box." It is believed that the first officially documented fight in boxing was a battle between the butcher and the footman Duke Albemarlskogo (note this was published in the Protestant Mercury for January 1681). However, there are earlier reports. In the biography of John Parrott (King's representative in Ireland in the years 1582-1588) mentions it, the duel with Lord Abergavenny, and his run-in with two of the Life Guards, took place in the mid-16th century. In the diaries of Samuel Pepys (a member of the English Parliament in the 17th century) for August 5, 1660 is referred to the clash between a German named Mynheer Clinke and water carrier near Westminster stairs.
Fights between British soldiers conducted without gloves and different from the usual fighting the presence of some of the rules that are initially determined immediately before the fight agreement of the participants and their representatives. The first is a recognized champion of England, James Figg, but he was better known as a master of the sword fights and clubs, rather than as a fist fighter. August 16, 1743 champion Jack Broughton in England published the first standard set of rules - the rules of Broughton, which later formed the basis of the Rules of the London prize ring in 1838. They did not limit the duration of the match, which ended only in the event that one of the men is on the ground and could not continue the fight after the thirty-second break, during which he assisted the seconds. In addition to punching permitted elbow and head. Could be used grabs and throws. In 1853, it adopted a new version of the Rules of the London prize ring. In the XVIII century, also originated the theory of "scientific boxing" D. Mendoza, calling to focus on the strategy of the fight, rather than actual attacks.
However boxing in XIX century had questionable legality. The fighting that took place in England and the U.S., often interrupted by the police. Parties continued to use wrestling techniques, and competition began to be considered a violation of public order. Yet at this time, several champions who developed fairly sophisticated fighting tactics.
Marquess of Queensberry rules (1867)
In 1867, journalist, member of the Amateur Athletic Club, John Graham Chambers has developed a set of rules for the upcoming Amateur Championship in London. John Sholto Douglas, the ninth Marquess of Queensberry, the author financially supported and agreed to assist him in promoting the project, and since then the rules have become associated with it.
Was approved by 12 points:
contest shall be in a square area with sides 24 feet;
seizures, choking, body tremors, tripping, throwing, hitting his head, elbows, knees, is prohibited;
Each round lasts exactly 3 minutes with a minute break in between rounds;
if one of the contestants fell, he must get up unassisted for 10 seconds, while his opponent moves to the corner of the ring. Once a boxer rose, the fight continues. If after 10 seconds the boxer can not continue, the referee may deduct his defeat;
boxer clinging arms over the ropes, is fallen;
nor the seconds, or anyone else have no right to appear in the ring during the round. In addition to the boxers in the ring can only referee (referee);
boxers stand in leather gloves, which must be identical for both contenders to be new and of good quality;
if the glove is broken or inoperable, it, at the request of the arbitrator, must be replaced;
Boxer hitting the knee of the ring, is fallen;
shoes with pointed heels are prohibited;
match ends in victory for one of the opponents (tie is possible if to bet on boxing agree with this outcome);
in other cases, to address the issues should be "rules of the London prize ring."
In 1882, in England there was a loud "thing R. Cooney," on the basis of which the hearing it was decided that fighting the old rules are too dangerous for the health of athletes. So from now on boxing with bare fists gradually ceased to exist, and the "rules of the Marquis of Queensberry," became official.
The first heavyweight champion under the new rules was John Lawrence Sullivan.
At the beginning of XX century fighters, backed by the promoters, such as Tex Rickard, tried to ensure that the box was recognized. Were soon organized various institutions regulating sports.
RULES
Since its publication in 1867 by the Marquis of Queensberry rules have been the primary source of regulation boxing matches.
Usually have a duration of three rounds a minute (although in the UK were used, and 2-minute rounds). Each boxer enters the ring of allotted corner, and after each round, he sent here to relax, to get advice and coach needed medical attention. The referee controls the bout: being in the ring, he monitors the behavior of men, counts knockdowns and penalties for breaking the rules. Up to three judges may be close to ringside to assign participants to score.
Contestant can win, sending his opponent in the knockout. If a boxer is knocked down to the ground impact and touch the floor with any part of the body other than his feet, the referee starts counting. If, within 10 seconds he goes - the fight goes on - if not, then it is knocked out and his opponent is the winner. Also available a technical knockout, he recognized the referee, a doctor or a boxer in the corner if he is injured or unable to defend themselves. Sometimes, the rule of three knockdowns (in title fights under the WBA), when it is equal to the number of technical knockout. If the fight is over, and none of the participants overcame an early victory, the outcome is decided by the judges. The winner is the athlete with the most points, but sometimes and draw.
Boxers are prohibited from hitting below the belt, hold each other, pushing, biting, spitting and fighting. You also can not kick, head, knee or any other part of the hand than a clenched fist (elbow, shoulder, forearm, wrist, open hand). Prohibited from making beats in the back, the back of the neck and head and kidneys. You can not hold on to the rope or the opponent during the shot, and do dives below the belt. If the referee breaks the clinch, both fighters before the strike must make a full step back. When a boxer is knocked down, the other will go away in a neutral corner and wait for the judge's decision.
The referee may punish for violation of a warning, deduction of points or disqualification. Intentional act against the rules, causing injury to the opponent and stops the fight, usually leads to the final and most severe measure. Boxer, get a random hit below the belt, can recharge in 5 minutes. If after the allotted time, he is not ready to continue the fight, he admits knockout. A particular point of the rules is accidental clash of heads that caused an injury that makes it impossible or dangerous to continue the fight. If the event occurred in the first four rounds, the fight is a draw or failed (which one will be the outcome, negotiated before the fight). If the event occurred after the fourth round, the fight is stopped and the judges consider voting for a full round. Intentional head butt is considered a violation and fine.
EXERCISE
Training amateur boxers often occur in groups. At the beginning of training athletes warm up. At the direction of the coach may be: testing of equipment blows, fighting combinations, sparring, practice techniques in pairs or exercise on the equipment (punch bag, pear). Practiced by a large number of exercises for physical training: with rope, stuffed ball, weights, stamped from the bar and so on.
Professional and amateur boxing
Previously, the main cause of the fighting was money - participants battled for prizes, and the audience to bet. The modern Olympic movement revived interest in amateur boxing, which in 1904 was again an Olympic sport, and in 1920 finally entered the Olympic program.
Now amateur fights are limited to three or four rounds, and the winner is determined by the number of points scored for direct hit to the body and face of an opponent. Boxers spend fighting in protective helmet reduces the chance of injury, knockdown or knockout. Much of the world professional boxing became very popular, but in Cuba and some former Soviet republics dominated amateur version. For most boxers performance at the Olympic Games becomes a source of expertise required for a future career in a professional way.
Amateur boxing
Amateur boxing at the highest level can be seen at the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games and many other competitions sanctioned by the association of the sport. In amateur bokseest scoring system assigned to a direct hit to the opponent's face. At the Olympics, Commonwealth Games and other competitions, which are held by the Association of amateur boxing bout consists of 3 rounds of 3 minutes. Between rounds - 1 minute break.
In 1924 was organized by the International Federation of amateur boxers (FIBA), which in 1946 became known as the AIBA. The first European Championship was held in the opening year of the federation - in 1924, and held the world championship in 50 years - in 1974. Prior to 1991, the World Championships have been held every four years, and then - as the European Championships, was held once in two years.
Record for most wins in the World Cup - Cuban, speaking at heavyweight - Felix Savon (6 times champion), recognized as the best amateur boxer of the last decades of the XX century. Becoming a three-time Olympic champion after winning in Sydney in 2000, he caught up on this indicator Teofilo Stevenson and Laszlo Papp. The best in the European Championships is Polish Zbigniew Petshikovski boxer, who won four gold medals.
Participants wear helmets and gloves with a white stripe around the knuckle. Stroke is counted only when the fist batter for rival white band. Referee monitors the fight to boxers only use approved methods. Time of participants shows the lower level attacks, the one who has purposefully below him disqualified. Also, the referee makes sure that the boxers do not keep each other in order to avoid a fight and stop the fight when one of the members was injured, is inferior to his opponent, or in the case of the large difference in the score.
Scoring in amateur boxing has a formula of mathematical addition. Boxers who came to the ring to have zero points and blows, respectively gaining a certain amount of points. To enroll in the active strike amateur boxer to be three of the five arbitrators simultaneously recorded it on their electronic machines.
Semiprofessional boxing
In 2010 was created oragnizatsiya World Series Boxing, Boxing League semi.
Unlike traditional amateur boxing league members take part in sanctioned fights with naked torso and without helmets. Also allowed to earn money, as well as in professional boxing. However, members of the League's support amateur status and continue to have the right to appear at the Olympics. As a professional boxing bout is decided by scoring three judges or, in some cases, by knockout, technical knockout or failure. In WSB there are 5 weight classes (lightest (54 kg), lightweight (up to 61 kg), medium (up to 73 kg), light heavyweight (85 kg), heavy (over 91 kg) weight). Combat consists of five rounds of three minutes.
Prize-fighting
Professional fights are usually much longer than amateur - from 10 to 12 rounds, although inexperienced boxers fights are held at least 10 rounds, but usually at least 4. Up until the early XX century met battles, not limited by the number of rounds, they usually ended by knockout or a boxer's stoppage second. A little later, it was decided to establish an upper limit of 15 rounds, and in 1980, after the death of Duk Koo Kim, the organization of WBC (World Boxing Council) to limit the maximum number of rounds of the twelve. In 1987-1988, its example was followed by two other influential organizations - WBA and IBF.
In professional boxing helmets are prohibited, but the referee can stop the fight if he sees that a boxer can not defend himself due to injury. In this case, the opponent recognized as the winner by TKO. TKO also assigned if the participant receives a cut, not allowing to continue the fight. For this reason, fighters often employ specialists (katmenov) whose job it is to stop the bleeding until the referee stopped the fight. Unlike amateurs, professionals get into the ring on a belt naked.
Scoring in professional boxing are carried out on the countdown, followed by addition. Released into the ring boxers have 10 points each. The winner of the round retains 10 points, the loser gets 9 points, thereby forming a bill for one round 10-9. If a boxer was knocked down, then lifted him two points, and the round ends (with one knockdown) with a score of 10-8. If a boxer has been knocked down twice, the score is 10-7, if three, 10-6. If the round was a tie (some boxing organizations consider a draw incompetent refereeing, but, nevertheless, it is the case), then the side referee invoice 10-10. In rare cases, it happens that the fighter was knocked down, won the round. In this case, the bill must be 9.10 in favor of the person who sent the opponent to the canvas, as the number 10 on the rules must always be present.
STYLES BOKSIROVANIYA
There are many different styles boksirovaniya. Style develops when an athlete chooses which of the eligible, actions it will improve. There are many terms defining styles. But the boxer does not necessarily belong to any of them: it can be infayterom and autfayterom simultaneously (one of the best examples - Bernard Hopkins).
Autfayter
Fighter of this style is trying to maintain distance from the opponent. It uses fast long strokes, often jabs. Therefore autfaytery usually win on points, not knockouts, although there were otherwise. Soldiers of the style should have a high impact speed, excellent reaction and move well on their feet.
Autfayterami notable were: Gene Tunney, Willie Pep and Muhammad Ali
Boxer-Puncher
Boxer-puncher seeks to fight for the middle distance, and, combining technique and strength, he is trying to knockout series, and sometimes even a single blow. Their movement and tactics are similar to autfayterami (although often they are less mobile). Soldiers of the style not usually win on points, and knockouts, and must have excellent shape.
Excellent boxer-puncher were: Joe Gans, Sam Langford, Joe Louis, [Sugar Ray Robinson, a young Mike Tyson.
Do not confuse this term with just a puncher, and a puncher like Earnie Shavers or David Tua.
Svormer or infayter
Svormery try to stay at a close distance to the opponent and cause several combinations consisting of hooks and uppercuts in a row. Good infayter should be able to withstand the attack of the opponent, because this style boksirovaniya involves getting a jab before you will be able to come close. Svormer very aggressive and accumulating in training excellent stamina. As a rule, he does not have great technique, because it loses control over the emotions. Many infaytery low and protection often bend at the waist and make biases. The most important qualities svormera: aggression, endurance and ability to withstand the attack of the opponent.
Excellent infayterami were: Jack Dempsey, Henry Armstrong, Joe Frazier, Ricky Hatton.
INVENTORY
Since the main part of the box are the strong beats, measures are taken to avoid hand injury. Most coaches do not allow their wards to participate in sparring without wraps and boxing gloves. The use of this equipment is capable of applying a more powerful blows, and the possibility of injury is lowered. Before the battle of heavyweight boxers agree gloves as an easier option allows cause greater damage. To protect the teeth, gums and jaw fighters wear mouthpiece.
Boxers improve skills on two basic types of pears. For processing speed impact using pneumatic pear, but in order to increase the force of the blow - a heavy bag. Punching bag can be hung or floor. Boxer training involves a large number of common exercises: work on a skipping rope, running, weight training.
Helmet use in amateur boxing and professional during sparring to avoid cuts and bruises.
TECHNOLOGY
Rack
Stand - this is the most convenient location of the body to attack or commit protective actions. Modern Front boxer is very different from the one used in the XIX and early XX century.
When left-sided rack (rack right-handed) boxer left foot is forward. The right foot is one step behind, and a half-step to the right. Legs slightly bent at the knees, body weight is almost evenly distributed on both feet, but a little more loaded right. Left, bent at the elbow, hand, is withdrawn before the body, and the elbow is omitted, left fist is about at the level of the shoulder joint. The right hand is also bent at the elbow, and his right fist to the right under his chin and turned inward.
Right-sided stand (stand for left-handed) - mirroring a left, it followed the same principles, but the front is to the right arm and right leg.
The third type of front - front. It is used in close combat.
Stands may vary slightly depending on the constitution fighter and his style to fight. Having mastered the sample rack, an experienced boxer can make up your own. Some boxers, for example, prefer to keep both hands at head level, but it is threatened strikes to the body.
Racks can be divided by the degree of grouping in the open and closed, and a lifting height of the common center of gravity - the high and the low.
Pounding
In boxing, there are four basic strokes: jab, cross, hook and uppercut.
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